合理低价中标的理论与实践应用研究

摘 要

本文主要研究合理低价评标的实践应用，首先分析工程量清单计价模式下的无标底招标办法；接着运用博弈论知识，分析合理中标价格在工程建设过程中的优势，运用工程成本理论，分析如何界定合理的中标价格；最后分析目前合理低价评标存在的问题，提出保障合理低价中标的措施。

本文主要研究以下内容：

（1）分析工程量清单计价模式下的无标底招标实施方法，通过博弈论分析价格竞争不是导致施工企业低于成本价投标的原因，从“合理低价”的真正内涵出发，分析如何确定合理低价。

（2）在理论上研究“合理低价”在工程运行机制中的可行性和意义。

（3）分析现行“合理低价中标”存在的问题，并提出保障合理低价中标的相关措施及其发展前景。

本文主要运用理论联系实际的方法对上述内容进行研究和分析，为我国建设领域的招标投标过程中更合理的确定低价中标提供可行性建议。

关键词：无标底招标 工程量清单计价模式 合理低价中标

THE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

OF WINNING A BID AT LOW PRICE

ABSTRACT

This paper has mainly discussed the practical applications ofwinning a bid at low price. First of all, it analyzed the Requestfor Proposal by using non-base-bid-price method under bill ofquantities calculating module and applying cost theory. Secondly,it applied game theory to analyze the advantages of rational winingprice in the construction period, it applied the assumption ofdefining a rational price. At last, it analyzed the potentialproblems during the request for proposal process and raisedmeasurements to ensure a reasonable winning price.

Research Contents:

1、Analyzing the practical function of non-base-bid-price methodunder bill of quantities calculating module. Also analyzing theprice competition was not the reason causing the constructioncompany bidding under cost. Starting from the true connotation ofRational Low Price, discussed the quantization in thisdefinition.

2、Theoretically studied the feasibility and meaning of“Rational Low Price” in project running process.

3、it analyzed the potential problems during the request forproposal process and brought forward measurements and prospects toensure a reasonable low winning price.

This paper mainly integrated theory and practice to discuss andanalyze the above mentioned contents. It provided applicablesuggestions for choosing a more rational low winning price in thebidding process for our nation.

KEY WORDS: non-base-bid-price bidding；billof quantities calculating module；rational low winning price

目 录

第一章 绪论.........................................................1

1.1 研究背景........................................................ 1

1.2研究现状.........................................................2

1.3研究内容和主要思路...............................................3

第二章无标底招标....................................................5

2.1工程项目招标投标的理论基础........................................5

2.2无标底招标理论....................................................5

2.2.1无标底招标的理论基础............................................5

2.2.2无标底招标的法律基础............................................6

2.3 无标底招标的现状分析............................................. 7

2.3.1有标底招标......................................................7

2.3.2国外无标底招标的通常作法........................................7

2.3.2.1美国做法......................................................7

2.3.2.2英国做法......................................................8

2.3.2.3日本做法......................................................8

2.3.2.4启示..........................................................9

2.3.3我国的无标底招标...............................................10

2.3.3.1香港地区做法.................................................10

2.3.3.2国内地区的无标底招标.........................................10

第三章工程量清单计价模式下的无标底招标..............................13

3.1工程量清单计价模式................................................13

3.1.1工程量清单计价模式的理论基础....................................13

3.1.2工程量清单计价与传统的计价方法的区别............................13

3.1.2.1传统的计价方法................................................13

3.1.2.2工程量清单计价方法...........................................14

3.1.3工程量清单计价模式下的无标底招标................................14

3.2无标底招标程序...................................................16

3.3无标底招标文件中工程量清单编制与应用.............................18

3.3.1编制工程量清单应注意的问题......................................18

3.3.2编制工程量清单的用途............................................18

3.4无标底招标评标和定标.............................................19

3.4.1资格预审........................................................19

3.4.2评标............................................................19

3.4.3定标............................................................19

3.4.4授予合同........................................................20

第四章合理低价中标的理论分析........................................20

4.1合理低价评标......................................................20

4.1.1合理低价评标的理论基础..........................................21

4.1.2合理低价评标的现实基础..........................................22

4.2合理低价的确定方法................................................24

4.2.1成本价的确定....................................................24

4.2.1.1社会平均生产成本..............................................24

4.2.1.2企业生产成本..................................................25

4.2.1.3社会平均成本与企业生产成本的比较..............................26

4.2.2成本价的构成...................................................26

4.2.2.1直接成本......................................................27

4.2.2.2间接成本......................................................28

4.2.2.3影响建筑工程成本的因素........................................28

4.2.3合理低价确定方法...............................................29

4.2.3.1前提条件.....................................................29

4.2.3.2合理低价量化方法.............................................30

4.3工程案例.........................................................34

4.3.1工程评标实例简介...............................................34

4.3.2招标的前期工作.................................................34

4.3.3合理低价评定方法及结果.........................................35

4.4小结.............................................................36

第五章合理低价中标的实践应用分析....................................37

5.1合理低价中标在工程实践运行中的意义和影响.........................37

5.1.1合理低价对工程造价的影响.......................................38

5.1.2合理低价对工程管理的影响.......................................39

5.1.3工程案例.......................................................40

5.2合理低价评标存在的问题...........................................41

5.3确保合理低价中标的保障措施.......................................41

5.3.1制定和完善相关的法律法规，建立健全各项规章制度...................42

5.3.2建立工程担保和工程保险制度,完善风险转移体系.....................43

5.3.3严格建立系统的最低价中标评审制度................................44

5.3.4建设行政主管部门要重视工程建设阶段的监管........................46

第六章结论与展望....................................................49

6.1结论.............................................................49

6.2展望.............................................................50

参 考 文献..........................................................52

致 谢..........................................................56

攻读学位期间发表论文和参与工程实践情况...............................57